发布时间:2020-12-11 关键词:托福听力
摘要:在托福听力备考中,对听力细节的理解和把握不仅是攻破各类听力题型的重点,也是学生备考中不得不面临和解决的难点。那么,托福听力如何攻破各类题型?考托福的同学们想必都听过“得听力者得托福”这句话,那么同样地,我们也可以说,“得细节者得听力”。
在托福听力备考中,对听力细节的理解和把握不仅是攻破各类听力题型的重点,也是学生备考中不得不面临和解决的难点。那么,托福听力如何攻破各类题型?考托福的同学们想必都听过“得听力者得托福”这句话,那么同样地,我们也可以说,“得细节者得听力”。
1、抓准出题点和笔记点
听力细节这么重要,那么也意味着在备考中对听力细节的掌握不是一夜之间就能做到的容易的事情。把握好听力细节,做好听力细节的针对性训练,除了从基础的积累学科场景词汇和多做听力精听练习以提高自身对词汇、句子和语速的把握之外,我们还可以从一些小技巧着手,通过抓准各类出题点和笔记点来提前预测考点所在,从而提高题目命中率和正确率。
2、具体科学研究
除了常见的如举例子、因果、转折、比较、强调等信号词和笔记点,今天我们再一起来看看另外一个很重要但也是很多考生不一定会留意到的关键出题点:具体科学研究。
首先,具体科学研究通常以出现在讲座中居多,既可以是教授对论点的论证或补充说明,也可以被用作论点的转折或新论点的引入,功能较多,作用较大,是个非常具备可出题性的考点;其次,具体科学研究的内容常以听力细节题进行考察,是一个考察频率颇高的细节题出题点,理解好具体科学研究的内容有助于考生们更好地攻破细节题和以细节为基础的其他各类题型;最后,把握具体科学研究有助于考生更全面地分析听力全文的篇章结构,捋清上下文逻辑关系,那么再复杂的听力我们也能时刻保持清晰的思路,进而更地理解和完成听力题目了。
结合TPO题目举例
话不多说,我们下面将结合具体的TPO题目来讲解在托福听力中为什么要关注具体科学研究的内容,以及关注之后到底能如何帮助我们做题等相关内容。
TPO7 Lecture3——第6题
What did researchers conclude from their study of sauropods and gastroliths?
A. That gastroliths probably helped sauropods to store large quantities of plant material in their stomachs.
B. That sauropods probably used gastroliths to conserve energy.
C. That sauropods may not have used gastroliths to aid their digestion.
D. That sauropods probably did not ingest any stones.
对应原文:A recent study measured the gastroliths in modern animals, in ostriches. And the study showed that ostriches need to ingest about one percent of their total body weight in gastroliths. But we have been able to determine that the stones found with sauropods totaled much less proportionally, less than a tenth of one percent of their body weight. So now we are not quite sure what these sauropods’ stones were used for. It could be they were accidently ingested as the sauropods foraged for food, that they served no real purpose. Other researchers speculate that sauropods ingested these stones as a source of some the minerals they needed, such as calcium.
这篇讲座讨论了通过比较蜥脚类动物(Sauropod)的化石和当代动物来对蜥脚类动物的特征和习性进行假设和论证,在文章最后教授举了一个例子也就是蜥脚类动物和很多如鸟类、爬行动物等当代动物一样,在头骨中是没有咀嚼肌的,但是当代动物会通过吞下石头(gastroliths)的方式来帮助食物消化。
同样地,在蜥脚类动物化石的胃部也发现了这些胃石,所以很长一段时间以来我们都认为蜥脚类动物也是以这种方式来帮助食物消化。而在这时候,教授提到最近的一个具体科学研究发现了蜥脚类动物胃部的石头比例比鸵鸟帮助食物消化需要咽下的胃石比例少得多,从而推翻了原先认为的蜥脚类动物利用石头来帮助消化的假设,确定选项为C。
回答这个题目的重点是教授提到的recent study等关键字眼,我们在备考中一定要重点关注具体科学研究的内容和作用,当这个考点以细节题等形式出现是非常具备可考性,也存在一定的考察难度的,刚好这道题目就综合考察了考生两方面的能力:
①是否能够理解这个研究的具体内容,包括who/what的所作所为,以及研究的原因、结论及产生的影响;
②是否能够结合具体研究的内容与上下文之间的逻辑关系,理解清楚意群结构,以及教授背后试图论证的具体论点。
当然除了留意听力中study提示具体科学研究之外,其他相关的字眼如experiment, research等也是需要我们去重点关注的。以TPO7 Lecture2这篇生物学讲座为例:
TPO7 Lecture2
What surprising information did a recent experiment reveal about lesser spear-nosed bats?
A. They filter out echoes from some types of trees.
B. They can analyze echoes from stationary objects with complex surfaces.
C. They cannot analyze “jagged” echoes.
D. They cannot analyze echoes from certain types of small moving objects.
对应原文:Recently there was this experiment with trees and a specific species of bats. A bat called: the lesser spear-nosed bat. Now, a tree should be a huge acoustical challenge for a bat, right? I mean it’s got all kinds of surfaces with different shapes and angles. So, well, the echoes from a tree are going to a mass of chaotic acoustic reflections, right, not like the echo from a moth. So, we thought for a long time that bats stop their evaluation at simply that is a tree. Yet, it turns out that bats or at least this particular species, cannot only tell that is a tree, but can also distinguish between, say, a pine tree, and a deciduous tree, like a maple or oak tree, just by their leaves.
听力在后半部分提到我们一直以为蝙蝠像雷达一样,在分析回声时会过滤掉静止物体的回声,所以对树木这种表面形状角度不同的物体,只能停留在这是一棵树的概念上,但最近的一个实验又推翻了这个推测,蝙蝠不仅能感知到树木,还能仅通过树叶区分树种,对应正确选项为B。
以上就是托福听力中具体科学研究的必要性和重要性的内容讲解。总之,无论是对具体研究的内容理解,还是对其与上下文的逻辑分析,都离不开考生们长期的积累、归纳和总结。
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