托福备考：阅读中常见的逻辑关系有哪些？

托福阅读中有不少题型都是和逻辑关系挂钩的，例如：句子简化题，细节题，推断题等，然而不少考生在备考过程中，往往忽视了逻辑关系的运用。今天我们来看一下，不同的逻辑关系对解题思路的影响。

就拿词汇题来举个例子：

The differences in feeding preferences lead, in turn, to differences in migratory habits. The wildebeests follow, in their migration, the pattern of local rainfall. The other species do likewise. But when a new area is fueled by rain, the mammals migrate toward it in a set order to exploit it. The larger, less fastidious feeders, the zebras, move in first; the choosier, smaller wildebeests come later; and the smallest species of all, Thomson’s gazelle, arrives last. The later species all depend on the preparations of the earlier one, for the actions of the zebra alter the vegetation to suit the stomachs of the wildebeest, topi, and gazelle.

The word fastidious in the passage is closest in meaning to？

(A) rapid

(B) determined

(C) flexible

(D) demanding

这题这个单词很多学生开始都不认识，猜的情况分几种：

1. 里面有个fast那应该是快，选A

2. 不能那么草率选a吧，毕竟后面说了这动物move in first， 那么应该得意志坚定吧，选B

3. 你们都错了，想要适应得好，必须吃得开，AKA灵活的动物有肉吃，选C

4. 啥玩意儿，盲选D

咳咳咳，那么到底谁对了呢？让我们用逻辑关系来分析下，单拎出这句话The larger, less fastidious feeders, the zebras, move in first; the choosier, smaller wildebeests come later. 有没有发现分号前后，两种动作的结果已经不同了呢：一个先进来，一个后进来。那么他们前面的所有修饰是不是应该也截然相反呢。仔细一看，larger与smaller取反，那么less fastidious就应该与choosier取反，而less本身是个反向意义的词，换言之fastidious就应该喝choosier同义咯，choosy的意思是挑剔的，那么也就是要求多的，那么答案就是D咯，你选对了吗？

下面罗列一些常见的逻辑关系，供考生们积累：

因果关系：

because(of), since, for, as, due to, owing to, in that, so(that), therefore, thus, hence, as a result, cause, consequently, lead to, make，render, stimulate, spur, spark, push, motivate, prompt, be responsible for, derive from, result from/in, come from, originate from, initiate from

转折关系：

but/yet, however, in contrast, conversely, though/although, nevertheless, in spite of/despite, on the contrary, even if/even though, instead (of), different from/differ from, while

并列关系：

likewise, in (much) the same way, similarly/similar to, vice versa, also/as well as, not only … but also …, both … and …, neither … nor …, like/just like, equally, or/and

条件关系：

if, unless, supposing (that), suppose (that), providing / provided (that), in case, as long as

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