托福阅读：句子简化题的注意点你真的GET了吗？

同学们应该都清楚，托福考试对于词汇量的要求比较高，在备考的同学肯定也在单词背了又忘忘了又背的循坏中苦苦挣扎。那么，老师需要提醒大家，除了花大量时间背单词之外，大家在长难句的分析上也要多练习，而句子简化题就是最考察长难句分析的题型，不仅需要也需要十分细心。

接下来老师带大家一起来看一下2道题目：

一：

Contrary to the arguments of some that much of the pacific was settled by Polynesians accidentally marooned after being lost and adrift, it seems reasonable that this feat was accomplished by deliberate colonization expeditions that set out fully stocked with food and domesticated plants and animals.

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A. Some people have argued that the Pacific was settled by traders who became lost while transporting domesticated plants and animals.

B. The original Polynesian settlers were probably marooned on the islands, but they may have been joined later by carefully prepared colonization expeditions.

C. Although it seems reasonable to believe that colonization expeditions would set out fully stocked, this is contradicted by much of the evidence.

D. The settlement of the Pacific islands was probably intentional and well planned rather than accidental as some people have proposed.

Step 1 ：首先阅读原句：整句话的结构是Contrary to the arguments of some, it seems reasonable something（与某些理论相反，另外一个理论似乎很有道理），句子内部是否定转折的逻辑关系，那么则可判断it seems reasonable something更为重要。 接着再分别来分析各从句，首先是个that后的同位语从句much of the pacific was settled by Polynesians accidentally marooned after being lost and adrift（玻利尼西亚人曾经在海上迷失方向并且一直漂流，这之后他们意外地被困在岛上，他们就这样在很多太平洋岛屿上定居下来），这个从句是来说明前面的arguments的具体内容的；接下来看第二个that后的主语从句this feat was accomplished by deliberate colonization expeditions（这样的壮举是通过深思熟虑的殖民探险来完成的），这个从句是来说明前面的形式主语it的具体内容的；最后来看第三个that后的定语从句 that（expeditions） set out fully stocked with food and domesticated plants and animals（探险队充分地准备了食物、农作物和牲畜）。

那么现在我们整句话的意思也就清楚了（有一些人认为玻利尼西亚人曾经在海上迷失方向并且一直漂流，这之后他们意外地被困在岛上，他们就这样在很多太平洋岛屿上定居下来，与之相反的理论则认为，这样的壮举是通过深思熟虑的，是通过充分地准备了食物、农作物和牲畜的殖民探险来完成的，这似乎很有道理）

Step 2:再来看各选项

A选项认为这些殖民定居的人是迷失方向且运输农作物与牲畜的一群人，意思出错，排除；

B选项具有一定的迷惑性，这个选项说先是一群迷失方向的人殖民这些地区，之后精心准备的人加入了他们。逻辑关系错，排除；

C选项乍一看很对的样子，但是原文并没有说深思熟虑过的远征这个理论有被大量的证据反驳，排除

D选项：主要信息的意思表达准确，逻辑关系表达也准确，正确。

这道题主要考察的是同学们对于句子中的essential information的判断技巧，如果同学们对知识点有遗忘或者不确定，欢迎大家提问！

二：

In 1972 paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge challenged conventional wisdom with an opposing viewpoint, the punctuated equilibrium hypothesis, which posits that species give rise to new species in relatively sudden bursts, without a lengthy transition period.

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A.The punctuated equilibrium hypothesis challenged gradualism, which holds that species evolve in relatively sudden bursts of brief duration.B.The punctuated equilibrium hypothesis developed by Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge was challenged in 1972.

C.In 1972 Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge challenged gradualism by positing that change from one species to another cannot occur without a lengthy transition period.

D.The punctuate equilibrium hypothesis, in opposition to gradualism, holds that transitions from one species to another occur in comparatively sudden burst.

Step 1: 首先阅读原句，主干部分为paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge challenged conventional wisdom with an opposing viewpoint, the punctuated equilibrium hypothesis（古生物学家Stephen Jay Gould 和 Niles Eldredge用一个相反的观点即间断平衡假说挑战传统智慧）the punctuated equilibrium hypothesis，the punctuated equilibrium hypothesis， 后面的which引导的是定语从句，which指代的是the punctuated equilibrium hypothesis， that引导的是宾语从句，整句话的意思并不难（在1972年，古生物学家Stephen Jay Gould和Niles Eldredge用一个相反的观点即间断平衡假说挑战传统智慧，这个间断平衡假说假设物种产生新物种是突然爆发的，并没有长期的过渡期。）

Step 2:再来看各选项

A选项是最容易误选的，主要问题出在了从句中的which指代的是gradualism，而不是原句中的the punctuated equilibrium hypothesis；其次，选项中的brief duration作后置定语修饰前面的sudden bursts, 而原文是without a lengthy transition period作状语修饰前面的give rise to; 所以排除；

B选项较好判断，与原文意思相反，所以排除；

C选项也是非常有迷惑性的一个选项，很多同学句子看得不够仔细会忽略到选项中的cannot；

D，选D；

此题原文所考察的句子并不难，选项也不难，但是各选项的设置上都有一些小“陷阱”，希望同学们练习的过程中也要做到细心细心再细心。

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